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Mobile Radio Page
Compiled by Mike Morris WA6ILQ
Formerly Maintained by Robert Meister WA1MIK
Maintained by Mike Morris WA6ILQ
I know very little about this equipment so please ask on the repeater-builder mailing list!

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Attention EBay buyers

No matter WHAT the label on the radio (or the seller) says, no Spectra will ever operate over the entire 136-174 MHz (high band) or 403-512 MHz (UHF) frequency range. Each unit will do only a portion of that band's frequency spread, and that portion is called a "split", a "bandsplit" or a "range". You can stretch things a little and go a megahertz or maybe two out of range and that's about it. If you buy the wrong range radio for your application (for example a 403-433 MHz and you want to use it on 440-450 MHz amateur frequencies, or a 482-512 MHz radio for GMRS) it just won't work and you will have a nice doorstop. Despite what you see on eBay there is not (and never was) a 406-440 MHz range. And it is not practical to range-change a Spectra radio. For more information scroll down to the section titled "Splits /  Ranges".

Another note: Spectras are wideband only (+/- 5 kHz except on 900 MHz). Yes, the 900 MHz band has been 2.5 kHz (narrowband) since the beginning. You probably could hack and slash at a Spectra and make it to where it would work in a narrowband environment, but it would be narrow only, not switchable. Plus it would not be type accepted and would not be legal. If you need a narrowband radio and want to stick with the Spectra line then you will have to find an Astro Spectra.


The Spectra line was MD'd (Manufacture Discontinued) a few years ago, and depot maintenance was terminated recently. Many public safety agencies nationwide are being forced into new radios (if they stay with Motorola it's usually the MCS2000 series) and the Spectras are showing up in surplus in large quantities. Due to the fact that the "narrowband" units are what is considered today as wideband they will be illegal to use in commercial and public safety use when the narrownand rules go into effect. Once you replace the "time bomb" capacitors (under US$10 in parts, see the article "Recapping the Spectra mobile" in the Spectra section) you can end up with an excellently performing mobile radio at a decent price (new they were $1500 to $2000 each, sometimes higher, depending on the options). And the intermod performance alone is many times better than any Japanese-built amateur grade radio.

The Astro Spectra was a follow-on design that used most of the cosmetic parts, a few of the circuit boards, most of the accessories, but was very different inside (but it unfortunately still used the "time bomb" capacitors). One of the differences was in the synthesizer as the Astro could do the 6.25 kHz steps (where the smallest the Spectra could do was 12.5 kHz or 20 kHz steps), another was a much more powerful microprocessor that suported digital audio in multiple formats like VSLEP (Moto proprietary) and IMBE / P25 (the "Project 25" digital audio standard that is supported by several manufacturers). You will want to be very careful when purchasing any surplus Astro / digital radio. It isn't always what it seems to be. A good percentage of the surplus stuff hitting the market is not IMBE but older (proprietary) VSELP modulation and some of the Astro radios are flashed (i.e. contain firmware) for analog only (i.e. won't do digital at all). Since VSELP is not an open standard the popular opinion is it's not legal on the amateur bands much like GE / Ericsson / Ma-Com AEGIS, EDACS and Pro-Voice. The only way to tell is check the flashcode, and once you have that you will need to find someone with the flashcode Rosetta Stone (the Moto flashcode feature list). If the seller can't provide the flashcode information just walk away from the deal... no point in buying something that may end up as useful as a paperweight or a doorstop.

If someone has that flashcode feature list please send it in and we will add it as a new article. If you want to write that artice but not be identified, that's fine too.

If someone wants to do a writeup on the Astro Spectra or the Astro Saber we will be happy to publish it. Remember, these web pages are totally dependent on the contributed information. If you have knowledge or expertise on a subject, please contact the page maintainer shown above.

The Spectra radios transmit and receive signals that are +/-5 kHz on VHF, UHF, and 800 MHz. On 900 MHz, the bandwidth is only 2.5 kHz. Another way of saying this is that if it's a Spectra, it's wideband only, except if it's 900 MHz in which case it's narrowband only. This can NOT be changed in software. There's no "switch" or any mode-specific setting (this was added in the ASTRO Spectra). You might be able to decrease the VHF, UHF or 900 MHz modulation, or increase the 900 MHz modulation by adjusting the radio and / or modifying the modulator circuitry but the receiver's bandwidth is controlled by small surface-mount bandpass filters that are not easily replaced. Then you'd still have to futz with the audio recovery level and the transmitter modulation shaping. And it still wouldn't be type accepted or legal. It's easier to find an Astro Spectra.

Spectra radios, like all Motorola synthesized mobile radios, contain a VCO that can operate at either the receive or transmit frequency at any given time. These radios are inherently half-duplex and can NOT be turned into a stand-alone repeater. They CAN be used as either a repeater receiver or a repeater transmitter, but they can't do both functions at the same time. Also, the various band splits or ranges usually cannot be mixed and matched inside any given radio, mainly because the single VCO can only cover one range at a time. In other words, it would be very difficult to get a UHF radio to transmit in the 450-480 MHz range but receive in the 480-512 MHz range, or vice versa. Most radios can exceed their designed band split a little but not enough to completely span two different ranges. If such a need existed, Motorola would probably have made it as an "SP" model. These radios weren't as flexible or extensible as, say, the MICOR series.

Three photos of a A3 Hand-held Control Head (HHCH)

The HHCH plugs directly into the radio, or a special extension cord that has DB25 connectors on each end.


There is no channel name (or channel label) display - just a two digit display (which limits A3 radios to 99 modes). The equivalent mike for the Astro Spectra has a two-line LCD display (photo).


The DB25 does not have all the pins.

The biggest problem is that spare parts / repair parts (especially the switches and the volume control) are no longer available. The channel up/down switch usually is the first to go and later problems include that the insulation on the special curly cord flakes off in big chunks. The A3 head is the rarest of the heads.

Here's a montage photo of an Astro Spectra W3 Hand-Held Control Head (HHCH). As you can see, it gives the user a lot more functionality, much like a normal control head on a dash-mount radio.

The HHCH plugs directly into the control jack on the front of the radio, or an extension cable that has DB25 connectors on each end.


This page from the service manual details all the buttons.


An A4 base station on top (the left knob is Mode, the right knob is Volume)


An A5 mobile


An A7 mobile
All of the above have 8 characters in the display.
And yes, the A4 and A5 also light up at night (that photo was taken in the daylight).


A DEK on top of a A9 head. These heads have 11 characters in the display.


An A7 Spectra desktop base station (without microphone)
These units have an internal power supply, and there are UHF repeater versions with two radio chassis and a mobile duplexer inside. However as a repeater they have the normal mobile limitations on transmit duty cycle. The photo of this particular one was taken with it sitting vertically on the back of the cabinet. The black dot under the "Power On" light is the secure keyloader (i.e. encryption) connector on encrypted base stations or the programming switch on desktop repeaters. The white square knockout to the right of center is for the clock option. Motorola also refers to sets with Astro radios as Consolettes. A similar version containing one or two MaxTracs would be called a DeskTrac. Internal photos of a similar unit show what looks like a PC power supply, a fan, an interface board (tone remote control or analog wire-line), and an Astro Spectra remote mount mobile radio. Click on the links below for more photos.
Top view     Rear view of the control panel     Rear of the radio showing the antenna jumper and the wireline control board
You should read the Spectra Desktop Station article at the end of this page for more detailed information.




An A7 Spectra tabletop base station - speaker-box-under-a-mobile type (with mobile microphone) These units use an external power supply that is larger than a red clay brick.
The Spectra desktop base tray is the HLN5309 or HLN6042A, both of which contain a speaker, whereas the MaxTrac and GM300 use the HLN5292B tray - it's identical except that it is missing the speaker.
The Spectra version parts list is here.


The photo shows two 900 MHz radios. The joint between the heatsink and radio chassis is easily seen. The 30 watt heatsink is longer and the connectors are oriented on the top of the heatsink rather than on the back, as they are on the low power heatsink. The difference in the front-to-back size (the depth of the radio) really isn't more than 2 inches, if that. See the "Programming cable" article in the Spectra section for more information on the accessory jack. On the power connector, the exposed pin on the radio is positive (it's insulated on the power cable).


This photo shows a complete low-power / mid-power mobile radio kit, with control head, a mounting bracket, a coiled up control and power cable kit, microphone, speaker, and control head. This particular kit has an A7 head (the full keypad on the right side of the head).


This photo shows a complete high power remote mount mobile radio kit, with a control head, a head mounting bracket, coiled up control and power cables, mike and speaker. Not visible is the radio tray that is bolted to the vehicle. This particular kit has an A9 head.

   

A rather interesting Spectra. This is what is used in railroad locomotive cabs. There is no mobile microphone jack, the engineer uses a handset plugged into the round connector on the right rear. The SO-239 antenna connector is under the cover on the top left connector in the photo of the rear of the radio. The big red cap at the bottom left is the DC power input connector, and has multiple pins. Specific wiring of the mating connector selects 12vDC negative ground, 36 or 72vDC, floating ground operation; there is no voltage select switch to set improperly. Most modern locomotives are 72vDC, the 12vDC mode is used in automobiles, pickup trucks or on the repair bench. This particular radio is a MBR43KME1170AD. The leading MB indicates Canadian manufacture, the R in the R43KME indicates Railroad.


K6CCC's truck control group (looking down at the console from head height)... From the top is a MCS2000 on 900 MHz (the shop radio), a Syntor X9000 on 800 MHz (using a type 9 head), three Spectras on 482-512 MHz, 450-482 MHz (both with type 7 heads), and a 146-174 MHz on a type 5 head. To the right are a pair of Midland Syntechs on low band. The Syntor, Spectras and Midlands are used for state and local gov't, law enforcement and fire communications. Amateur radio communications utilize a few frequencies in the high band Spectra plus an overhead-mounted Kenwood 742 on 220 MHz, 440 MHz and 1200 MHz. The truck in the photo is a 1986 Toyota pickup that was recently retired after 300,000 miles. The radios are going into a new truck.


FAQs not answered / handled:
1) How to use the wrong head on a radio (i.e. using an A5 head on an A4 radio, or an A4 head on an A7 radio, etc). Also, how to straighten out a mismatch (This is a candidate for a bit banging article on how to change the control head type, from what I've been told it just requires changing the model number in the MLM and the Command board in two different memory locations and you're all set).
2)How to crack the model number / ID number... Full, current model number information doesn't seem to be available. There is a partial chart below that has been reverse engineered. Some spectras have both an "ID Number" and a new format "Model Number" in the format of "TA9KX-068W" and nobody seems ot have a breakdown chart on that format number.
3) There is an early Spectra and a later Spectra II, commonly called the "E-Series". Apparently the latter gives SmartZone capability for trunking systems and uses a different command board which does NOT have a separate MLM (memory logic module).


Mike Blenderman K7IC has a very extensive web site on Spectras, and there is no point in duplicating his effort here at Repeater-Builder. This web page is only going to cover topics that are not covered at Mike's site. I really suggest that you go to Mike's site first (and bookmark it) as the topics there include:

From a ham's point of view, the A7 radio is probably the most desirable, as it's a (usually) 128 channel conventional radio (i.e. not trunked) and has the 12-button 8-character display control panel / control head. The A5 is the second choice, the A4 has the volume and mode knobs. If you are going to use a remote mount radio (i.e. the radio chassis is in the trunk), and have the dash space, then the A9 control head may interest you as it has 3 more characters on the head display plus you can use a DEK. Radios equipped with a type 7 and type 9 heads will generate 12-button DTMF, there never was a 16-button DTMF model made (to be precise, the command board generates the DTMF, but unless you have the right head it won't work). If you need 16-button DTMF then use a Motorola touchtone microphone and modify it as per the Jim Reese WD5IYT article (on the Motorola index page), or use a Midland or Johnson 16-button microphone and modify it for the Motorola microphone circuitry (and with a Spectra microphone cable and plug).

The Moto TouchTone / TouchCode / DTMF microphones have a different model number to cover every seemingly different combination of non-backlit or backlit, trunking or conventional, and every mobile radio connector from the 1950s Motrac on up. All are covered in the Motorola Touch-Code Encoder Microphone instruction manual 6881114E07, which as of this writing (mid 2009) is still available from Motorola Parts for less than US$3. That's right, less than $3. The model tables in the manual mention fifteen different DTMF mikes, including the HMN1053A (which is the standard DTMF mike for a Spectra mobile radio).

Spectra Model Chart (partial)
Sample model number: D44ZXA5JC7AK
D 4 4 Z X A
Mount Type Power Level Band Split Unknown System Operation Supply Voltage
D Dash 1 <10 W 1 Low Band VHF F ? G Trunking A 12v [1]
L Consolette 2 15 W 2 Mid Band VHF K ? M Conventional  
M Motorcycle 3 30 W 3 High Band VHF V ? X SecureNet
T Trunk 4 50 W 4 UHF Z ?  
Z Special 6 75 W 5 800 MHz  
  7 100 W 7 900 MHz
8 110 W
If anyone has the breakdown of the fourth column ("Unknown" in the table above), we'd appreciate the information.

5 J C 7 A K
Operational Mode Model Specific Control Version Control Type Version Package
5 Trunking J Model Specific A Conventional 2 Limited (rare) A K [4]
7 Conventional   B Privacy Plus 3 HHCH [2] B H [5]
  C SmartNet 4 Rotary C N [6]
D StarSite 5 Standard (3 Button) D  
E Note [3] 7 Expanded (12 Button) E
  8 Expanded Control Station  
9 Systems 9000
[1] Negative ground.
[2] HHCH = Hand Held Control Head.
[3] Enhanced or SmartZone, depending on which book you read.
[4] Shipped with the standard mobile installation kit.
[5] Shipped with the standard mobile installation kit except that the microphone and hangup clip are replaced with a handset and a handset hangup cup (common on railroad radios, transit busses, subway cars, and mountain cable cars).
[6] Warranty replacement - Shipped with no accessories (just a radio in a plastic bag in a padded cardboard box).

The following table was extracted from the Feature Matrixes in the Spectra 900/9000 Basic Service Manual, 6880101W37-C, for 4, 12, and 30 watt, 900 MHz mobile radios. Entries in the table with no revision letter came from the matrixes in the front of the manual. Entries with a revision letter (A, B, C, D, or E) came from an appendix that has additional feature matrixes based on the 11th character of the radio's model number. The 12th (last) character is always 'K' in these charts.

In the table below:

Head Rev. Conv. Sys. Flt.
A5 # 128 0 0
A5 A, B, C 32 0 0
A7 # 128 0 0
A7 A, B, C 64 0 0
A9 # 128 0 0
B2 #, A, B 0 2 2
B5 # 10 10 10
B5 A, B 0 3 8
B5 C, D 1 6 8
B5 E 10 10 10
B5 F 128 10 10
B7 # 10 15 10
B7 A, B 0 8 8
B7 C, D 10 8 8
B7 E 10 15 10
B9 # 10 15 15
B9 A, B, C, D 10 8 8
B9 E 10 15 10
C2 #, A, B, C 10 8 8
C5 #, A, B, C 10 8 8
C7 # 10 15 16
C9 # 10 15 16

The 9th character specifies the trunking/coding style:

The 10th character specifies the type of control head. All of these control heads have rocker buttons for MODE and VOLUME and an 8-character 14-segment display unless otherwise noted:

An E7 radio was capable of 10 conventional modes and 15 systems of 16 sub-fleets each. After deleting all but the last trunking system and its modes, I was able to increase the number of conventional modes to 128, but I didn't try filling them all.

There's only so much codeplug space in the radio; each trunking system reserves space for all of its sub-fleets, whether they're utilized or not. You can increase the conventional mode space by giving up some trunking mode space, on those radios that support both.

Spectra and Astro Spectra compatible microphones:
The A9 / W9 / Series 9000 head, has its microphone jack on the rear of the control head. It's still a six-pin connector, but it is oriented vertically rather than horizontally. All of the Spectra microphones plug into either front or rear connectors. All of the mobile microphones are hand-size; there are no palm-size microphones (such as the HMN1056D that's common with MaxTracs; see the comparison photo in the Motorola section of this web site).

The microphone connector on the a Spectra microphone has 6 pins and looks like:

The pattern of the 6 pins is the same as in a DB50 plug.

...but the mic connector on the front of the radio has 10 pins...
The outer 4 are used for, among other things, the encryption keyloader.
Does anyone have the part number for the keyloader cable or plug that mates with all of the pins in the mic connector?

A list of known Spectra-compatible mikes is shown below. If anybody knows of others or wants to contribute schematic scans, let Repeater-Builder know.

Some of the motorcycle microphones, such as the HMN1079A had a DE-9 male connector on them.


DC Power:

Spectra Mobile Power Consumption:
Model Series Standby Receive Transmit
D43 (High Band 25-50w) 0.45A 2.5A 13.0A
T83 (High Band 110w) 0.45A 2.5A 27A
D14 (UHF 4w) 0.5A 2.5A 3.5A
D34 (UHF 25w) 0.5A 2.5A 6.5A
D44 (UHF 40w) 0.5A 2.5A 12.5A
T84 (UHF 100w) 0.5A 2.5A 31A
D45 (800 MHz 35w) 0.5A 2.5A 13.5A
D17 (900 MHz 4w) 0.5A 2.5A 4.5A
D27 (900 MHz 12w) 0.5A 2.5A 7.0A
D37 (900 MHz 30w) 0.5A 2.5A 13.5A
NOTES: "Standby" implies receiver squelched. "Receive" is the power consumption at maximum volume setting and with white noise. All of these are MAXIMUM current values taken from Motorola manuals; most radios draw considerably less.
With the System 9000 control head, all the current drains increase by 0.2A due to the additional segments on the display and additional computer components.

The radios will draw about 0.4A when first connected, but this will drop to about 25mA after a couple of seconds, but ONLY if the radio is turned off and you have the Emergency Input line grounded inside the Accessory plug. If you don't, the radio will continue to draw 0.4A. The Ignition input draws about 1 mA all by itself. Spectras will not turn on without 12 volts present on the Ignition Control line. Applying just main radio power without a properly configured Accessory plug installed is not recommended.

The DC power input is protected from reverse polarity by a large diode that is reverse biased in normal operation. This diode is mounted on the PA board near where the DC power comes in. If power is applied with revrse polarity the diode will conduct and will blow the fuse. You did fuse your battery (or power supply feed), right?


Other Notes:

Splits / Ranges

Spectra's come in several frequency bandsplits, called Ranges. Below is a list of the available ranges for VHF and UHF.

After The FCC made the some of the UHF TV channels (14: 470-476 MHz (the so-called "T" or "Top" band), 15: 476-482 MHz, 16: 482-488 MHz, 17: 488-494 MHz, 18: 494-500 MHz, 19: 500-506 MHz, 20: 506-512 MHz) frequencies available to Public Safety operations (i.e. police, sheriffs, etc.) Moto Engineering came up with the Range 4 radios.

After Moto sales got a bunch of Request For Quotes (RFQs) for radios that would cover 460 and 482 MHz channels. Moto Engineering came up with the so-called "Range 3-and-a-half" model that cover 453-488 MHz.

In order to determine the range of any particular radio you will have to do one of two things:
1) Read the radio with RSS (which may not work, see below)
2) Open it up and look at the part numbers on the RF modules.

Using a frequency counter to tell where it's transmitting will do no good. For example, if it was transmitting on 157 MHz (actually anywhere from 146 to 162 MHz) you could not know which of the two VHF ranges it was in without opening up the radio and looking at the part numbers on the modules. And it could have had a wrong range code plug stuffed into it or been programmed with a modified RSS... several eBay sellers have been discovered selling 403-433 MHz range radios with a 460 MHz range code plug programmed into it, and 136-162 MHz radios with a 146-174 MHz code plug.
The page author would love to find a 136-162 MHz Spectra radio.

In short, the only way to really tell is to look inside and read the module numbers - or look the FCC number up on the above list (and pray that the receiver front end matches the PA deck (where the sticker is)).

There never was a low band Spectra. The nearest to it is the trunk-mount low band Syntor X9000 and I have it on good authority that only 1,500 of those were ever made. They are in demand by emergency responders as they will do 30-50 MHz (actually 25-54 MHz) in one range, and when coupled to an autotuning screwdriver antenna can do drastic changes in frequency (like switching from a 33 MHz Air Force SAR channel to the Red Cross 47.42 MHz nationwide frequency to a 39/43 MHz California Highway Patrol repeater pair), and doing it all while in motion on the highway.

Very few high power remote mount / trunk mount Spectras were made in UHF Range 2 - that particular factory configuration is a good example of pure unobtanium... Several have been field assembled (and sold to unsuspecting hams) by taking a front end and exciter from a dead Range 2 438-470 MHz front mount radio (there were a lot of motorcycle radios made in Range 2) and installing it into a Range 3 450-482 MHz trunk mount radio, and then telling the radio it's a Range 2 but the transmitter performance may drop off drastically as you head towards 440-445 MHz (there are some modifications that can be made to the transmitter but they are not simple).

All the high power radios are remote mount / trunk mount only.

Suitcase Repeater

There was a portable repeater based on Spectra mobile radios, often known as a "suitcase repeater". The manufacturer of the outer aluminum case was Zero Manufacturing of Burbank, California. Michael N2WGC sent some photos of one. Click on the links below.

Programming

If RSS or the RIB is a new topic to you I suggest that you see the RSS and RIB pages at this web site.

Programming 2 meter and 440 MHz amateur frequencies is no problem as VHF range 1 covers 2 meters and UHF range 2 covers 440 MHz. However to program 900 MHz amateur frequencies into the radio you will have to hex-edit one file in the RSS package: "spectra1.exe". Instructions are available in an article in the Spectra section. Also the VCO might need to be modified slightly (definitely necessary for 900 MHz radios - see the article in the Spectra section).

If you plug a programming cable into a Spectra, and the RIB is attached but not powered up, the radio can do all sorts of strange things like turn on and off and display some error codes. You'll think you have some bad connections. The RIB loads down the BUSY and BUS lines and confuses the radio. The solution is to apply power to the RIB before attaching it to the radio. The Spectra has a switched +12vDC pin in the accessory / programming connector that (among other things) was intended for powering the real Motorola RIB (RLN4008 series) through the programming cable (to pin 12 of the DB25F connector on the RIB).

Mounting Bracket
The Moto part number HLN5015 is the dash-mount mobile mounting kit, containing the bracket, some loose hardware, the power cable, with fuse holder and speaker connection. Part number 0780086N01 is the bracket only (and the same bracket is used for the control head in a remote-mount radio).

Display Font
If you look at the A9 - DEK control head photo at the top of this web page, you may notice that there is no decimal point character in the control head "font"... just uppercase alphabetics, numerics, a space and these characters: < > ? / \ @ * ( ) - and the + sign. You would really expect the decimal point / period character to be there, since you would expect to be able to display frequencies (like "146.46" or "449.000") but it's not. Bob WA1MIK took the time and programmed every keyboard character into the RSS and loaded the strings into an A7 radio; there's no way to display a decimal point on any Spectra head. If you program the keyboard decimal point into the RSS it displays as a backslash. The nearest you can get to a decimal point is the "-" (hyphen) or "=" (equals character), the latter shows up as an underscore. Or do without and live with "146460", "146-460" or "449_000", "449000". Or use names for the channels like it was intended: "Simplex1" and "Sunset3". Interesting enough the "[" character (the left square bracket) can be used as a display segment test as it is translated into an "all segments on" character.

The reason you can't get some characters is that each position of the display is formed with 14 segments: one horizontally at the top and bottom, two horizontally in the middle, one each vertically at the upper left, upper center, upper right, lower left, lower center, and lower right, and four that go diagonally in an "X" pattern. There's just nothing there for a decimal point or lower-case letters. Here's part of a page from a Kenwood TK-981 manual that shows the possible display characters. It's similar if not identical to the Spectra:

Converting a Dash Mount to a Remote Mount
To convert a dash mount radio to a remote / trunk mount you will need a HH1446A, HH1447A or HLN6008A Remote Mount Field Retrofit Kit which contains all the parts necessary. I have no idea what the differences are between the three kits.

A detailed service manual covering most models of the conventional and trunked Spectras is Motorola part number 6880102W61 at about $45. Naturally, it's No Longer Available (NLA) from Motorola.

Contact Information:

The author can be contacted at: his-callsign // at // repeater-builder // dot // com.



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The photos of the A5, A7, two 900 MHz PA decks and the speaker-box-under-a-mobile photos are by Robert W. Meister WA1MIK and copyrighted by him.
The A9 / DEK head photo is by Scott Lichtsinn KBØNLY and copyrighted by him.
The photo of K6CCC's truck radios by Jim Walls K6CCC and used with permission.
Artistic layout and hand-coded HTML © Copyright 2005 and date of last update by Mike Morris WA6ILQ.

Motorola®, Spectra, Astro Spectra and a lot of other terms are registered trademarks/servicemarks of Motorola Inc.

This web page, this web site, the information presented in and on its pages and in these modifications and conversions is © Copyrighted 1995 and (date of last update) by Kevin Custer W3KKC and multiple originating authors. All Rights Reserved, including that of paper and web publication elsewhere.